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What is Tirzepatide?
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FDA-approved medication for type 2 diabetes (brand name: Mounjaro)
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Also approved for weight management (brand name: Zepbound)
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Belongs to a class of medications called dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists
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Weekly injection using a pre-filled pen
Indications: Who Can Consider Tirzepatide?
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Adults with obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m²)
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Adults with overweight (BMI ≥27 kg/m²) with at least one weight-related condition:
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High blood pressure
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Type 2 diabetes
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High cholesterol
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Sleep apnea
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Should be used alongside diet and exercise

How Tirzepatide Works
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Acts as a dual agonist targeting two incretin hormones:
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GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1)
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GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide)
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Both hormones are naturally released by intestinal cells after eating
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Tirzepatide binds to both hormone receptors more strongly and lasts longer than natural hormones
Detailed Mechanism of Action: GLP-1 Effects
Tirzepatide activates GLP-1 receptors to:
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Slow stomach emptying (gastroparesis), keeping food in stomach longer
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Increase feeling of fullness by acting on appetite centers in the brain
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Reduce food intake by decreasing hunger signals
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Improve insulin secretion in response to glucose (glucose-dependent)
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Decrease glucagon secretion from the pancreas, reducing liver glucose production
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Slow absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream
Detailed Mechanism of Action: GIP Effects
Tirzepatide activates GIP receptors to:
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Enhance insulin response when blood sugar levels are elevated
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Improve fat metabolism in adipose (fat) tissue
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Reduce fat storage by altering fat cell function
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Complement and enhance the effects of GLP-1 activation
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Potentially reduce inflammation in fat tissue


The Dual-Action Advantage
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Synergistic effect: Combined action on both receptors creates greater impact than either alone
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Enhanced weight loss: Affects multiple pathways in appetite regulation and metabolism
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Better glycemic control: More powerful effect on insulin and glucagon than single-target medications
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Central nervous system effects: May affect reward pathways related to food consumption
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Energy expenditure: Some evidence suggests potential increase in energy use

How This Translates to Weight Loss
Reduced calorie intake through multiple mechanisms:
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Feeling full more quickly when eating
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Feeling satisfied longer between meals
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Reduced hunger signals throughout the day
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Potentially decreased interest in food (especially high-calorie foods)
Improved metabolic function:
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Better insulin sensitivity
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More efficient fat metabolism
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Reduced fat storage
Benefits of Tirzepatide
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Significant weight loss
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Average 20-22% body weight reduction in clinical trials
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Improved blood sugar control for patients with type 2 diabetes
Additional health benefits:
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Improved cholesterol levels
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Reduced blood pressure
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Better quality of life
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Reduced cardiovascular risk factors


Key Clinical Evidence: The SURMOUNT Trials
SURMOUNT-1 Study Results:
72-week trial with 2,539 adults without diabetes
Weight loss results:
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5 mg dose: Average of 16.0% body weight loss
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10 mg dose: Average of 21.4% body weight loss
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15 mg dose: Average of 22.5% body weight loss
Any Qs So Far?

Digestive system effects
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Nausea (most common, affects 24-30% of patients)
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Diarrhea (affects 18-23% of patients)
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Vomiting (affects 12-21% of patients)
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Constipation (affects 17-19% of patients)
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Abdominal pain (affects 10-12% of patients)
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Dyspepsia/indigestion (affects 8-9% of patients)
Other System Effects
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Decreased appetite (affects 10-12% of patients)
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Fatigue (affects 7-10% of patients)
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Injection site reactions (redness, itching, swelling)
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Headache (affects 5-7% of patients)
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Dizziness (affects 4-8% of patients)
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Hair loss (reported in some patients)
Side Effects
Managing Side Effects
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Start with lower doses and increase gradually (dose titration)
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Stay well hydrated throughout the day
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Eat smaller, more frequent meals rather than large meals
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Avoid high-fat or very spicy foods which may worsen digestive symptoms
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Contact your healthcare provider if side effects are severe or persistent
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Don't stop taking medication without consulting your provider
Pancreatitis
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Inflammation of the pancreas (incidence rate 0.1-0.2%)
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Symptoms: severe abdominal pain, sometimes radiating to back, nausea, vomiting
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Requires immediate medical attention

Gall Bladder Problems
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Increased risk of gallstones and cholecystitis
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More common with rapid weight loss
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Symptoms: pain in upper right abdomen, nausea, vomiting, fever


Hypoglycemia
(low blood sugar)
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More common in patients taking insulin or sulfonylureas
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Symptoms: shakiness, sweating, confusion, irritability, dizziness
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Risk can be reduced by appropriate dose adjustments of other medications

Acute Kidney Injury
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Risk increases with dehydration from severe vomiting or diarrhea
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Patients with pre-existing kidney disease need closer monitoring
Diabetic Retinopathy Complications
Diabetic retinopathy complications:
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Potential worsening in patients with pre-existing diabetic retinopathy
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Regular eye exams recommended

Thyroid C Cell Tumours
- Rare but serious risk based on animal studies
- Contraindicated in patients with personal/family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC)
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Also contraindicated with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2 (MEN2)

So What Now?

One Question
'Is this right for me?'


There are four things to consider
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You have obesity or overweight with weight-related conditions
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Diet and exercise alone have not been effective
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You can commit to weekly injections and lifestyle changes
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You have no contraindications for this medication
